check_filename(): refactor ":/" handling

We handle arguments with the ":/" pathspec magic specially, making sure the name exists at the top-level. We'll want to handle more pathspec magic in future patches, so let's do a little rearranging to make that easier. Instead of relying on an if/else cascade to avoid the prefix_filename() call, we'll just set prefix to NULL. Likewise, we'll get rid of the "name" variable entirely, and just push the "arg" pointer forward to skip past the magic. That means by the time we get to the prefix-handling, we're set up appropriately whether we saw ":/" or not. Note that this does impact the final error message we produce when stat() fails, as it shows "arg" (which we'll have modified to skip magic and include the prefix). This is a good thing; the original message would say something like "failed to stat ':/foo'", which is confusing (we tried to stat "foo"). Signed-off-by: Jeff King <peff@peff.net> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>