Add API to force Scheduler to yield for macrotask (#25044)

We need a way to yield control of the main thread and schedule a continuation in a separate macrotask. (This is related to some Suspense optimizations we have planned.) Our solution needs account for how Scheduler is implemented. Scheduler tasks are not 1:1 with real browser macrotasks — many Scheduler "tasks" can be executed within a single browser task. If a Scheduler task yields control and posts a continuation, but there's still time left in the frame, Scheduler will execute the continuation immediately (synchronously) without yielding control back to the main thread. That's not what we want — we want to schedule a new macrotask regardless of where we are in the browser's render cycle. There are several ways we could approach this. What I ended up doing was adding a new Scheduler method `unstable_requestYield`. (It's similar to the existing `unstable_requestPaint` that we use to yield at the end of the frame.) It works by setting the internal start time of the current work loop to a large negative number, so that when the `shouldYield` call computes how much time has elapsed, it's guaranteed to exceed the deadline. The advantage of doing it this way is that there are no additional checks in the normal hot path of the work loop. The existing layering between Scheduler and React DOM is not ideal. None of the APIs are public, so despite the fact that Scheduler is a separate package, I consider that a private implementation detail, and think of them as part of the same unit. So for now, though, I think it makes sense to implement this macrotask logic directly inside of Scheduler instead of layering it on top. The rough eventual plan for Scheduler is turn it into a `postTask` prollyfill. Because `postTask` does not yet have an equivalent for `shouldYield`, we would split that out into its own layer, perhaps directly inside the reconciler. In that world, the macrotask logic I've added in this commit would likely live in that same layer. When the native `postTask` is available, we may not even need any additional logic because it uses actual browser tasks.